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Wind Power for Home, Farm, & Business (2004) by Paul GipeImage of Contents PageContents1. Introduction [side bar] Wind Energy Workshops How This Book is Organized Nomenclature--What Are We Talking About? Wind Machines Power and Energy--There Is a Difference Watt's More [side bar] What's New in This Version of Wind Power Levers, Moment Arms, and Torque Equations--They're Informative False Precision--How To Avoid It Units--Yes, Metrics Too Size--It's All Relative 2. Applications--How To Use The Wind Generating Power at Remote Sites Hybrids Low-Power Applications Village Electrification Interconnecting with the Utility [side bar] Lighting the Way How It Works [sidebar] Public-Spirited Farming the Wind Heating Water Pumping 3. Measuring the Wind Wind--What is It? Wind Speed and Time [side bar] Wind Speed Units [side bar] Beaufort Scale [Side bar] Wind Speed Notation Power in the Wind [side bar] Power Density Air Density [Side bar] Standard Atmosphere Swept Area Wind Speed and Speed Distributions [side bar] Frequency Distributions Wind Speed, Power and Height Wind shear Exponent [side bar] Nocturnal Jet [site bar] Logarithmic Model of Wind Shear [side bar] The Wind Shear Exponent (a) [Side bar] Calculating the Wind Shear Exponent (a) Published Wind Data [side bar] Sources of Wind Data in the USA Surveying Your Site [side bar] Estimating the Height of Obstructions Measuring Instruments Anemometer Towers Survey Duration Data Analysis Another Option--Install a Small Wind Turbine 4. Estimating Output--How Much To Expect Swept Area Method Small Wind Turbines [side bar] Calculating Swept Area [side bar] Swept Area Rules of Thumb Medium Size Wind Turbines Power Curve Method [side bar] Avoid Average Speed Confusion [side bar] Power Curve Nomenclature Manufacturers' Estimates [side bar] Wind Plant Losses The Method of Bins Performance Ratings Efficiency 5. Economics--Does Wind Pay? Cost of Energy and Payback Economic Factors Residential Economics [side bar] Understanding Table 5-1 Farm and Business Economics [side bar] Understanding Table 5-2 [side bar] Taking a Gamble: Schafer Systems Risks Cost-Effectiveness 6. Evaluating the Technology--What Works and What Doesn't Orientation Vertical Axis Horizontal Axis [side bar] Tail Vanes Passive Yaw Active Yaw [sidebar] Ducted or Augmented Turbines Lift and Drag Aerodynamics Apparent Wind and the Angle of Attack Twist and Taper Solidity Betz's Limit [side bar] One-Bladed Wind Turbines Blade Number Self Starting [sidebar] Tip Vanes and Tip Torpedoes Blades Wood Metal Fiberglass Hubs Drive Trains Generators [sidebar] Permanent Permanent Magnets? Alternators [sidebar] Air-Gap Generators Variable- or Constant-Speed Operation Induction (Asynchronous) Generators Dual Generators Rotor Controls Horizontal Furling Vertical Furling Coning Changing Blade Pitch Pitch to Feather Pitch to Stall Aerodynamic Stall Mechanical Brakes Aerodynamic Brakes Putting It All Together Small Turbines Medium-Sized Turbines 7. Towers Height [side bar] Stratospheric Heights Buckling Strength [side bar] Drag Force and Thrust Tower Types Free-Standing Towers Tubular Towers Guyed Towers Novel Towers Rooftop Mounting Silos Trees Farm Windmill Towers Wood Poles Steel Pipe Concrete Other Considerations Space Maintenance Ease of Installation Tower Selection 8. Cutting Costs--Not Corners Building a Small Turbine Yourself [side bar] DIY Brake-Drum Windmill Smedemesterm(oe)lle Buying a Used Wind Turbine [side bar] Secondhand Wind Used Windchargers Used 1970s Machines Used California Turbines [side bar] California Wind Turbines Danish and American Designs Lightweight U.S. Designs What Are They Worth? Jacobs Windmatic 15S--A Workhorse [side bar] Dutch Valley Produce Limitations of California Turbines Used Turbines in Europe Caveat Emptor (Buyer Beware) [side bar] The Spirit of Adventure Assembling a Kit Working Together Cooperatives--The Danish Approach [side bar] Kennermerwind [side bar] SydThy Kabellaug Cooperative Net Billing Buying Clubs Wind Plant Coops 9. Buying a Wind System Choosing a Product [side bar] Standard Power Rating [side bar] Much More than the Turbine Standardized Tests Operational History Product Specifications Manuals Maintenance Controls Robustness Intangibles Evaluating Vendors [side bar] Ventilators and Squirrels in a Cage Manufacturers Dealers What to Expect [side bar] Some Does and Don'ts Contracts and Warranties Case Studies Cappy Reece Art & Maxine Cook 10. Interconnection with the Utility PURPA in the USA Practical Application of PURPA Net-Metering [side bar] Wind Without Limits Electricity Feed Laws & Quotas [side bar] Feed Laws Deliver Renewables Danish Feed Law German Feed Law French Feed Law Feed Laws Elsewhere Quotas Power Quality and Safety Power Factor Voltage Flicker Harmonics Dealing with the Utility [side bar] Aussie Built-Aussie Operated Sizing--What's Right for You Dump Loads 11. Off-the-Grid Power Systems Hybrids [side bar] Tale of Two Cities Reducing Demand [side bar] Cutting Consumption AC and DC Systems Sizing [side bar] U.S. Solar & Wind Data [side bar] Micro Hybrid Power System [side bar] Cabin-size Hybrid Power System [side bar] Household-size Hybrid Power System Inverters Batteries Backup Generators Utility Backup Stand-Alone Economics Other Stand-Alone Power Systems Telecommunications [side bar] Village Self Reliance Village Electrification 12. Pumping Water Windmills that Won the West [side bar] Dempster Still Pumping Mechanical Wind Pumps Pumping Head Estimating Farm Windmill Pumping Capacity New Technology for Mechanical Wind Pumps [side bar] Farm Windmill Conversion? Electrical Wind Pumps [side bar] Wind Pumping Research Estimating Water Use Storage Irrigation Wind Pump Renaissance 13. Siting Physical Restrictions Exposure and Turbulence Power Cable Routing Institutional Restrictions [side bar] Property Values Planning Permission Building Permits Height Restrictions Obstruction Marking Public Safety Falling Blades Falling Ice Attractive Nuisance Aesthetics Medium-Size Turbines Small Turbines [side bar] Anti-Wind Groups Noise Decibels Weighting Scales Exceedance Levels Noise Propagation [side bar] Will it be Heard? Ambient Noise Community Noise Standards Sound Power Levels [side bar] Sources of Small Turbine Noise Lowering Wind Turbine Noise Consequences Consideration TV and Radio Interference Shadow Flicker and the Disco Effect Birds Case Studies 14. Installation [side bar] Thoughts on Doing It Yourself Parts Control Foundations and Anchors Anchors Working with Concrete Guyed Towers Free-Standing Towers Novel Foundations Assembly and Erection of Guyed Towers Guy Cables [side bar] Wire Rope Clips & Thimbles Using a Crane Using a Gin Pole [side bar] Installation of Household-size Turbine with Crane Free-Standing Towers--Assembly and Erection Tubular Towers [side bar] Installation of Medium-size Wind Turbine Tilt-Up Towers--Assembly and Erection Tilt-Up Guyed Towers [side bar] Sample Tool List for Micro Turbine [side bar] Installation of Micro Turbine with Griphoist Griphoists Wiring [side bar] Up Tower Connectors for Micro Turbines Above Ground and Buried Wiring Conductors and Conductor Sizing [side bar] American Wire Gauge to Metric Conversion Strain Relief of Tower Conductors Conduit Fill [side bar] Junction or J-Boxes Surge Protection [side bar] Ground Net Additional Notes on Wiring 15. Operation, Performance, and Maintenance Small Wind Turbine "First Rotation" Interconnected Wind Systems Battery-Charging Wind Systems Monitoring Performance Small Wind Turbines [side bar] Reading a Kilowatt-hour Meter Maintenance Small Turbines [side bar] Falkland Islands Balance of Remote Systems Medium-size Wind Turbines Tvindkraft [side bar] Bushland Enertech Blade and Tower Cleaning Painting Cost of Maintenance Small Wind Turbines Medium-size Wind Turbines Life Expectancy 16. Safety Fatal Accidents [side bar] Terry Mehrkam Hazards Falls Spinning Rotors [side bar] Dynamic Braking of Small Turbines Electrical Construction Analysis Tower Safety and Climbing Gear Work Belts and Full-Body Harnesses Lanyards and Anchorages Snap Hooks, Carabiners, and Slings Fall-Arresting Systems Work Platforms [side bar] Tower Work and Do-it-Yourselfers Ladders More Tower Tips [side bar] Steen Aagaard's Crippling Fall Small Turbine Electrical Safety Batteries Rope and Cable Pulleys Winches and Hoists for Small Wind Turbines Loss Prevention 17. Looking to the Future Expanded Applications Distributed Wind Community Wind [side bar] MinWind--Farmer-Owned Offshore Wind Electric Vehicle Charging Better Technology Small Wind Turbines Medium-size and Larger Wind Turbines Challenges Facing Wind Bigger is Better Green Power Offshore Environmental Too Cheap to Meter What's Needed Owners' Associations Making Wind Go Further Restructuring the Grid Fair Price for a High-Value Product Energy for Life 18. Appendixes Constants Conversions Scale of Energy Equivalents Scale of Equivalent Power Air Density Correction Spreadsheets for Temperature for Altitude for Normal Lapse Rate (Standard Atmosphere) for a Given Temperature and Elevation Weibull Wind Speed Distribution Rayleigh Wind Speed Distribution Map of Wind Resources in the United States Maps of World Wind Resources Estimates of Annual Energy Output Estimates of Water Pumping Capacity of Farm Windmills Cash Flow Models Non Governmental Organizations Government-Sponsored Laboratories Electronic Networks WWW Sites Workshops International Wind Energy Consultants Characteristics of Selected Small Wind Turbines Small Wind Turbine Manufacturers Characteristics of Selected Medium-Size Wind Turbines Medium-Size Wind Turbine Manufacturers Reconditioned and Used Wind Turbines Mechanical Wind Pumps Rotor Blades Towers Mail-Order Catalogs Wind Measurement Devices Wind Measurement Masts Wind & Meteorological Data Periodicals Wind Turbine Market Surveys Software Anchors and Guying Hardware Work Belts and Fall-Arresting Systems Inverters Batteries Plans for Small Wind Turbines Grip Hoists Videos Multilingual Beaufort Scale Mulitlingual Lexicon Bibliography Rigging Solar Photovoltaics Wind Energy Technology in English Modern Wind Energy History Wind Resources and Siting Aesthetics and Noise Designing, Building, or Installing Your Own Water Pumping Wind Energy Technology In German Wind Energy Technology In French Wind Energy Spanish Wind Energy In Swedish 19. Glossary of Wind Energy Terminology |
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